磁性纳米Fe3O4@C对SBR脱氮除磷性能及其微生物种群组成的影响

为探究磁性纳米Fe₃O₄@C对序批式活性污泥反应器（SBR）污水处理系统脱氮除磷性能的影响,建立了2个相同的SBR（编号分别为0号和1号）,其中,0号反应器未投加任何磁性材料（对照组）,1号反应器中投加0.5 g·L^-1的Fe₃O₄@C（实验组）,并采用高通量测序和实时定量PCR（qPCR）技术对2个反应器内生物种群结构及关键脱氮除磷功能菌群进行分析.结果表明：①Fe₃O₄@C对SBR除污性能有显著影响,其中,1号反应器化学需氧量（COD）的去除性能得到增强,24 d后去除率稳定在90%左右;0号和1号反应器总氮（TN）平均去除率分别为35.83%和52.18%;从第43 d起,1号反应器除磷性能明显高于0号反应器,运行70 d后,0号和1号反应器对总磷（TP）的平均去除率分别为47.52%和56.33%.②添加Fe₃O₄@C材料后,反应器内变形菌门（Proteobacteria）的相对丰度从23.91%增加至32.14%,优势脱氮菌门Planctomycetes、Nitrospirae的相对丰度分别从2.66%、0.46%增加至5.16%、2.23%.③添加Fe₃O₄@C后,SBR内细菌总数明显增多,16S基因拷贝数从1.77×10⁷ copies·g^-1增长到4.21×10⁷ copies·g^-1;各功能菌数量也有大幅度增长,除磷功能基因PAO增加了3.4倍,脱氮功能基因nirS、Nitrospira、Nitrobacter、AOB分别增长了2.3、2.4、4.7和572倍.研究表明,磁性纳米Fe₃O₄@C能有效促进SBR脱氮除磷性能,可为SBR工艺的优化改进提供理论支撑.     

高原生境不同水力停留时间下A2/O工艺活性污泥微生物代谢机制研究

在高原生境下构建不同水力停留时间(HRT)运行工况的A²/O系统,结合水质分析及对好氧池活性污泥的16S rRNA基因测序,对微生物优势菌属功能和代谢途径进行研究。结果表明:高原生境下HRT为26.25 h时A²/O工艺处理效果总体最好,微生物优势菌属代谢功能以有机物降解、反硝化脱氮和聚磷菌除磷为主,代谢途径以碳氮磷代谢为主;在高原生境下,应对外界环境变化的细菌双组分调节功能(ko02020)丰度较大,该代谢途径在适应环境变化中有显著作用,是高原生境下的优势代谢途径;微生物细胞中rpoE基因丰度偏大,为微生物适应高原环境提供了保障。HRT为26.25 h时微生物功能基因总丰度最大,可见26.25 h是高原生境下A²/O工艺最佳HRT运行工况。     

On the sudden disappearance of Egeria densa from a Ramsar wetland site of Southern Chile: A climatic event trigger model

Contemporary shallow lakes theory proposes that these ecosystems may experience abrupt regime shifts due to small changes in controlling variables or triggers. So far, these triggers have been related mostly to nutrients as the immediate driver. During May 2004 the río Cruces wetland, a Ramsar site located in Southern Chile, underwent a major regime shift, from a clear water state, vastly dominated by the invasive macrophyte Egeria densa, to a turbid water state. In this article we show, through the analysis of long-term meteorological data that late fall 2004 was anomalous due to the presence of a high-pressure cell that persisted most of the month of May over Southern Chile. This climatic event caused an almost complete absence of precipitations and lower temperatures during this period, including several freezing nights. Eco-physiological experiments showed that 6 h exposure to desiccation kill the macrophyte. We developed a simple-biology dynamic model, under Stella Research 9.1, to show that the climatic anomaly of May 2004, plus the increased sedimentation of the wetland's floodplains, and the associated response of E. densa, explains its sudden disappearance from río Cruces wetland.     

Abundance and diversity of the phyllosphere bacterial communities of Mediterranean perennial plants that differ in leaf chemistry

Summary.  We studied the epiphytic bacterial communities of the summer leaves of eight perennial species naturally occurring in a Mediterranean ecosystem. The species differ in essential-oil content (from rich in essential oil to non-producers) and composition, and also in life form (from herbaceous species to tall shrubs). We compared the epiphytic bacterial communities on the basis of (i) their abundance, (ii) their metabolic profile (derived by use of the BIOLOG Ecoplate system) and (iii) richness and diversity of substrates that they use, as a measure of functional diversity. Among all species, the aromatic Melissa officinalis was the most abundantly colonized. The bacterial communities on the leaves of the aromatic Myrtus communis, Calamintha nepeta and Melissa officinalis, and also of Cistus incanus catabolized all 31 substrates offered; those on the evergreen-sclerophyllous species, Arbutus unedo and Quercus coccifera, catabolized only 14 and 17 substrates, respectively. Carbohydrates were consistently used abundantly by all communities, whereas carboxylic acids were most variably used. On average, the group of aromatic plants scored higher regarding bacterial abundance, and richness and diversity of substrates used by the bacterial communities on their leaves; the lowest values for both substrate-use indices were recorded in A. unedo. Bacterial abundance or richness or diversity of substrates used did not vary with leaf oil content. Abundance was positively correlated with both substrate-use indices. Results support claims that the antimicrobial effects of essential oils are not exerted so much under natural conditions as reports based on biassays with pathogens usually show. Although essential oils play a part in the microbial colonization of the phyllosphere, it is not likely that inhibition of phyllosphere bacteria is essential oils’ primary role, at least in the Mediterranean environment.     

活性污泥工艺中加代谢解偶联剂降低污泥产率的研究

2,4,5-三氯苯酚（TCP）作为代谢解偶联剂投加到连续曝气分批培养的活性污泥工艺中,在30d的运行期间,TCP质量浓度为2．0mg／L和4．0mg／L的污泥产率分别比对照反应下降了约25％和50％,而基质的去除率及出水的氮和磷浓度均未受很大影响,污泥的沉降性能也未受影响。镜检发现,30d运行后对照实验的反应器中仍有丝状菌,而投加TCP反应器的污泥中几乎未发现丝状菌的存在。应用TCP作为代谢解偶联剂投加到活性污泥工艺中可减少剩余污泥的产量。     

生物除磷过程厌氧释磷的代谢机理及其动力学分析

运用充分曝气后的好氧末端活性污泥进行了厌氧释磷实验.结果表明,在厌氧释磷过程中VSS呈现出上升的趋势,而MLSS及灰分均呈现出下降的趋势.当微生物体内的糖原耗尽时,会引起厌氧吸收HAc及释磷过程的中断.得出ΔρPΔρPHB、ΔρGLYΔρPHB、ΔρPΔCOD、ΔρPHBΔCOD各比值的平均值分别为0.48、0.50、0.44、0.92.通过对厌氧吸收HAc及释磷动力学过程进行模拟,得到QHAc,max为164mg·g-1·h-1,QP,max为69.9mg·g-1·h-1,KGYL为0.005,KCOD为3mg·L-1.ΔρPΔCOD与溶液中pH呈明显的线性关系,且得到了二者之间的线性方程.     

咪唑烟酸在土壤中的微生物降解及其代谢物分析

通过分析咪唑烟酸在4种典型土壤中灭菌和非灭菌条件下的降解动力学差异,初步探讨了土壤中的微生物对其降解的贡献率。结果表明,咪唑烟酸在非灭菌条件下的半衰期为29～44d,在灭菌条件下的半衰期为81～134d,在非灭菌条件下的降解速率比灭菌条件下提高1 3～3 4倍。在小粉土中微生物降解的理论半衰期约为48d,为灭菌条件下的近3倍,充分说明了土壤中的微生物在咪唑烟酸的降解中起着非常重要的作用。运用LC-ESI-MS检测到4种微生物降解产物,它们的分子量分别为219,222,201和149,并由此推断了咪唑烟酸在土壤中降解转化的主要途径为:首先被微生物转化成更为稳定的氨盐产物,然后再进一步脱甲基、羧基和异丙基及咪唑啉酮环的开裂和重排等。      

Effects of climate and land-cover change on the conservation status of gibbons

Species shift their distribution in response to climate and land-cover change, which may result in a spatial mismatch between currently protected areas (PAs) and priority conservation areas (PCAs). We examined the effects of climate and land-cover change on potential range of gibbons and sought to identify PCAs that would conserve them effectively. We collected global gibbon occurrence points and modeled (ecological niche model) their current and potential 2050s ranges under climate-change and different land-cover-change scenarios. We examined change in range and PA coverage between the current and future ranges of each gibbon species. We applied spatial conservation prioritization to identify the top 30% PCAs for each species. We then determined how much of the PCAs are conserved in each country within the global range of gibbons. On average, 31% (SD 22) of each species’ current range was covered in PAs. PA coverage of the current range of 9 species was <30%. Nine species lost on average 46% (SD 29) of their potential range due to climate change. Under climate-change with an optimistic land-cover-change scenario (B1), 12 species lost 39% (SD 28) of their range. In a pessimistic land-cover-change scenario (A2), 15 species lost 36% (SD 28) of their range. Five species lost significantly more range under the A2 scenario than the B1 scenario (p = 0.01, SD 0.01), suggesting that gibbons will benefit from effective management of land cover. PA coverage of future range was <30% for 11 species. On average, 32% (SD 25) of PCAs were covered by PAs. Indonesia contained more species and PCAs and thus has the greatest responsibility for gibbon conservation. Indonesia, India, and Myanmar need to expand their PAs to fulfill their responsibility to gibbon conservation. Our results provide a baseline for global gibbon conservation, particularly for countries lacking gibbon research capacity.     

不同曝气方式对人工湿地细菌多样性、代谢活性及功能的影响

细菌在人工湿地去除污染物过程中起着非常关键的作用.基于DNA和RNA高通量测序技术探讨了不同曝气强化方式影响下的人工湿地单元内细菌多样性、代谢活性和功能.结果发现:①养殖废水和人工湿地处理组共检测到细菌4 042个操作分类单元(OTUs),其中α-变形菌、γ-变形菌和拟杆菌为多样性最高的类群,且人工湿地曝气强化方式会在...     

The changing sociocultural context of wildlife conservation

We introduced a multilevel model of value shift to describe the changing social context of wildlife conservation. Our model depicts how cultural-level processes driven by modernization (e.g., increased wealth, education, and urbanization) affect changes in individual-level cognition that prompt a shift from domination to mutualism wildlife values. Domination values promote beliefs that wildlife should be used primarily to benefit humans, whereas mutualism values adopt a view that wildlife are part of one's social network and worthy of care and compassion. Such shifts create emergent effects (e.g., new interest groups) and challenges to wildlife management organizations (e.g., increased conflict) and dramatically alter the sociopolitical context of conservation decisions. Although this model is likely applicable to many modernized countries, we tested it with data from a 2017–2018 nationwide survey (mail and email panel) of 43,949 residents in the United States. We conducted hierarchical linear modeling and correlational analysis to examine relationships. Modernization variables had strong state-level effects on domination and mutualism. Higher levels of education, income, and urbanization were associated with higher percentages of mutualists and lower percentages of traditionalists, who have strong domination values. Values affected attitudes toward wildlife management challenges; for example, states with higher proportions of mutualists were less supportive of lethal control of wolves (Canis lupus) and had lower percentages of active hunters, who represent the traditional clientele of state wildlife agencies in the United States. We contend that agencies will need to embrace new strategies to engage and represent a growing segment of the public with mutualism values. Our model merits testing for application in other countries.